The Russo-British Agreement of 1873 on Afghanistan was a diplomatic agreement between Russia and Britain concerning their respective spheres of influence in Central Asia. The agreement recognized Afghanistan as an independent buffer state between the two empires and established a line that defined their respective areas of influence in the region.

For Russia, the agreement was significant as it helped to prevent a direct confrontation with the British Empire in Central Asia. By recognizing Afghanistan as a buffer state, Russia was able to avoid direct conflict with Britain and maintain peaceful relations with its neighbor to the south. The agreement also helped to stabilize the region and prevent further conflicts between the two great powers in Central Asia.