Римская республика (509 г. до н. э. - 27 г. до н. э.): during this period, Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic, expanding its territory through conquest and forming a complex system of government with a Senate and two consuls.

Римская империя (27 г. до н. э. - 476 г. н. э.): Rome became an empire under the rule of Augustus Caesar, expanding its power throughout the Mediterranean region and establishing a system of provincial governance. The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan in the 2nd century CE.

Падение Римской империи и средние века (476 г. н. э. - 1453 г. н. э.): The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, with the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) continuing to exist until 1453. During this period, Rome faced invasions by barbarian tribes, internal instability, and the eventual division of the empire into separate kingdoms.